A curious equality of integrals involving the prime counting function?How many primes does this sequence...

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A curious equality of integrals involving the prime counting function?

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A curious equality of integrals involving the prime counting function?


How many primes does this sequence find?Tight bounds on the prime counting functionDirichlet prime counting function?closed form for integrals involving error functiona practical prime counting functionPrime counting functionRestricted equality involving prime numbersPrime counting function formulasProof for a prime number formula involving the prime counting functionProperty of Prime Counting FunctionApproximating the prime counting function













9












$begingroup$


This post discusses the integral,
$$I(k)=int_0^kpi(x)pi(k-x)dx$$



where $pi(x)$ is the prime-counting function. For example,
$$I(13)=int_0^{13}pi(x)pi(13-x)dx = 73$$



Using WolframAlpha, the first 50 values for $k=1,2,3,dots$ are,



$$I(k) = 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4, 8, 14, 22, 32, 45, 58, 73, 90, 110, 132, 158, 184, 214, 246, 282, 320, 363, 406, 455, 506, 562, 618, 678, 738, 804, 872, 944, 1018, 1099, 1180, 1269, 1358, 1450, 1544, 1644, 1744, 1852, 1962, 2078, 2196, 2321, 2446, 2581, 2718,dots$$



While trying to find if the above sequence obeyed a pattern, I noticed a rather unexpected relationship:






Q: For all $n>0$, is it true,
$$I(6n+4) - 2,I(6n+5) + I(6n+6) overset{color{red}?}= 0$$




Example, for $n=1,2$, then
$$I(10)-2I(11)+I(12)=32-2*45+58 = 0$$
$$I(16)-2I(17)+I(18)=132-2*158+184= 0$$
and so on.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Note your proposed equation doesn't hold for $n = 0$ as $I(4) = 0$, $I(5) = 1$ and $I(6) = 4$.
    $endgroup$
    – John Omielan
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    @JohnOmielan: A typo. I meant all $n>0$. I will correct it.
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    I have checked to confirm what you're asking is true for $n$ up to $18$. However, I have my doubts it'll always work, partially because it doesn't work for $n = 0$. Also, a similar type condition is that $I(6n) - 2I(6n + 1) + I(6n + 2) = 2$, which holds for $1 le n le 5$, but at $n = 6$, the LHS becomes $0$ instead. If I get a chance, I will investigate your equation to see if I can figure out why it's true for at least the first $18$ values and, more importantly, will it always stay true. Regardless, though, it's an excellent observation you've made, even if it doesn't always hold.
    $endgroup$
    – John Omielan
    1 hour ago








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I checked your result up to $n=533$ (for $n geq 534$, I have problems. Would you be interested by a huge table of $I(k)$ (I was able to generate it up to $k=540$). This is a very interesting problem.
    $endgroup$
    – Claude Leibovici
    49 mins ago












  • $begingroup$
    @ClaudeLeibovici: Thanks for checking, Claude! However, that table would be too huge for MSE. :)
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    47 mins ago
















9












$begingroup$


This post discusses the integral,
$$I(k)=int_0^kpi(x)pi(k-x)dx$$



where $pi(x)$ is the prime-counting function. For example,
$$I(13)=int_0^{13}pi(x)pi(13-x)dx = 73$$



Using WolframAlpha, the first 50 values for $k=1,2,3,dots$ are,



$$I(k) = 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4, 8, 14, 22, 32, 45, 58, 73, 90, 110, 132, 158, 184, 214, 246, 282, 320, 363, 406, 455, 506, 562, 618, 678, 738, 804, 872, 944, 1018, 1099, 1180, 1269, 1358, 1450, 1544, 1644, 1744, 1852, 1962, 2078, 2196, 2321, 2446, 2581, 2718,dots$$



While trying to find if the above sequence obeyed a pattern, I noticed a rather unexpected relationship:






Q: For all $n>0$, is it true,
$$I(6n+4) - 2,I(6n+5) + I(6n+6) overset{color{red}?}= 0$$




Example, for $n=1,2$, then
$$I(10)-2I(11)+I(12)=32-2*45+58 = 0$$
$$I(16)-2I(17)+I(18)=132-2*158+184= 0$$
and so on.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Note your proposed equation doesn't hold for $n = 0$ as $I(4) = 0$, $I(5) = 1$ and $I(6) = 4$.
    $endgroup$
    – John Omielan
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    @JohnOmielan: A typo. I meant all $n>0$. I will correct it.
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    I have checked to confirm what you're asking is true for $n$ up to $18$. However, I have my doubts it'll always work, partially because it doesn't work for $n = 0$. Also, a similar type condition is that $I(6n) - 2I(6n + 1) + I(6n + 2) = 2$, which holds for $1 le n le 5$, but at $n = 6$, the LHS becomes $0$ instead. If I get a chance, I will investigate your equation to see if I can figure out why it's true for at least the first $18$ values and, more importantly, will it always stay true. Regardless, though, it's an excellent observation you've made, even if it doesn't always hold.
    $endgroup$
    – John Omielan
    1 hour ago








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I checked your result up to $n=533$ (for $n geq 534$, I have problems. Would you be interested by a huge table of $I(k)$ (I was able to generate it up to $k=540$). This is a very interesting problem.
    $endgroup$
    – Claude Leibovici
    49 mins ago












  • $begingroup$
    @ClaudeLeibovici: Thanks for checking, Claude! However, that table would be too huge for MSE. :)
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    47 mins ago














9












9








9


4



$begingroup$


This post discusses the integral,
$$I(k)=int_0^kpi(x)pi(k-x)dx$$



where $pi(x)$ is the prime-counting function. For example,
$$I(13)=int_0^{13}pi(x)pi(13-x)dx = 73$$



Using WolframAlpha, the first 50 values for $k=1,2,3,dots$ are,



$$I(k) = 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4, 8, 14, 22, 32, 45, 58, 73, 90, 110, 132, 158, 184, 214, 246, 282, 320, 363, 406, 455, 506, 562, 618, 678, 738, 804, 872, 944, 1018, 1099, 1180, 1269, 1358, 1450, 1544, 1644, 1744, 1852, 1962, 2078, 2196, 2321, 2446, 2581, 2718,dots$$



While trying to find if the above sequence obeyed a pattern, I noticed a rather unexpected relationship:






Q: For all $n>0$, is it true,
$$I(6n+4) - 2,I(6n+5) + I(6n+6) overset{color{red}?}= 0$$




Example, for $n=1,2$, then
$$I(10)-2I(11)+I(12)=32-2*45+58 = 0$$
$$I(16)-2I(17)+I(18)=132-2*158+184= 0$$
and so on.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




This post discusses the integral,
$$I(k)=int_0^kpi(x)pi(k-x)dx$$



where $pi(x)$ is the prime-counting function. For example,
$$I(13)=int_0^{13}pi(x)pi(13-x)dx = 73$$



Using WolframAlpha, the first 50 values for $k=1,2,3,dots$ are,



$$I(k) = 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4, 8, 14, 22, 32, 45, 58, 73, 90, 110, 132, 158, 184, 214, 246, 282, 320, 363, 406, 455, 506, 562, 618, 678, 738, 804, 872, 944, 1018, 1099, 1180, 1269, 1358, 1450, 1544, 1644, 1744, 1852, 1962, 2078, 2196, 2321, 2446, 2581, 2718,dots$$



While trying to find if the above sequence obeyed a pattern, I noticed a rather unexpected relationship:






Q: For all $n>0$, is it true,
$$I(6n+4) - 2,I(6n+5) + I(6n+6) overset{color{red}?}= 0$$




Example, for $n=1,2$, then
$$I(10)-2I(11)+I(12)=32-2*45+58 = 0$$
$$I(16)-2I(17)+I(18)=132-2*158+184= 0$$
and so on.







integration definite-integrals prime-numbers






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited 33 mins ago







Tito Piezas III

















asked 2 hours ago









Tito Piezas IIITito Piezas III

27.4k366174




27.4k366174












  • $begingroup$
    Note your proposed equation doesn't hold for $n = 0$ as $I(4) = 0$, $I(5) = 1$ and $I(6) = 4$.
    $endgroup$
    – John Omielan
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    @JohnOmielan: A typo. I meant all $n>0$. I will correct it.
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    I have checked to confirm what you're asking is true for $n$ up to $18$. However, I have my doubts it'll always work, partially because it doesn't work for $n = 0$. Also, a similar type condition is that $I(6n) - 2I(6n + 1) + I(6n + 2) = 2$, which holds for $1 le n le 5$, but at $n = 6$, the LHS becomes $0$ instead. If I get a chance, I will investigate your equation to see if I can figure out why it's true for at least the first $18$ values and, more importantly, will it always stay true. Regardless, though, it's an excellent observation you've made, even if it doesn't always hold.
    $endgroup$
    – John Omielan
    1 hour ago








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I checked your result up to $n=533$ (for $n geq 534$, I have problems. Would you be interested by a huge table of $I(k)$ (I was able to generate it up to $k=540$). This is a very interesting problem.
    $endgroup$
    – Claude Leibovici
    49 mins ago












  • $begingroup$
    @ClaudeLeibovici: Thanks for checking, Claude! However, that table would be too huge for MSE. :)
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    47 mins ago


















  • $begingroup$
    Note your proposed equation doesn't hold for $n = 0$ as $I(4) = 0$, $I(5) = 1$ and $I(6) = 4$.
    $endgroup$
    – John Omielan
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    @JohnOmielan: A typo. I meant all $n>0$. I will correct it.
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    I have checked to confirm what you're asking is true for $n$ up to $18$. However, I have my doubts it'll always work, partially because it doesn't work for $n = 0$. Also, a similar type condition is that $I(6n) - 2I(6n + 1) + I(6n + 2) = 2$, which holds for $1 le n le 5$, but at $n = 6$, the LHS becomes $0$ instead. If I get a chance, I will investigate your equation to see if I can figure out why it's true for at least the first $18$ values and, more importantly, will it always stay true. Regardless, though, it's an excellent observation you've made, even if it doesn't always hold.
    $endgroup$
    – John Omielan
    1 hour ago








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I checked your result up to $n=533$ (for $n geq 534$, I have problems. Would you be interested by a huge table of $I(k)$ (I was able to generate it up to $k=540$). This is a very interesting problem.
    $endgroup$
    – Claude Leibovici
    49 mins ago












  • $begingroup$
    @ClaudeLeibovici: Thanks for checking, Claude! However, that table would be too huge for MSE. :)
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    47 mins ago
















$begingroup$
Note your proposed equation doesn't hold for $n = 0$ as $I(4) = 0$, $I(5) = 1$ and $I(6) = 4$.
$endgroup$
– John Omielan
1 hour ago




$begingroup$
Note your proposed equation doesn't hold for $n = 0$ as $I(4) = 0$, $I(5) = 1$ and $I(6) = 4$.
$endgroup$
– John Omielan
1 hour ago












$begingroup$
@JohnOmielan: A typo. I meant all $n>0$. I will correct it.
$endgroup$
– Tito Piezas III
1 hour ago




$begingroup$
@JohnOmielan: A typo. I meant all $n>0$. I will correct it.
$endgroup$
– Tito Piezas III
1 hour ago












$begingroup$
I have checked to confirm what you're asking is true for $n$ up to $18$. However, I have my doubts it'll always work, partially because it doesn't work for $n = 0$. Also, a similar type condition is that $I(6n) - 2I(6n + 1) + I(6n + 2) = 2$, which holds for $1 le n le 5$, but at $n = 6$, the LHS becomes $0$ instead. If I get a chance, I will investigate your equation to see if I can figure out why it's true for at least the first $18$ values and, more importantly, will it always stay true. Regardless, though, it's an excellent observation you've made, even if it doesn't always hold.
$endgroup$
– John Omielan
1 hour ago






$begingroup$
I have checked to confirm what you're asking is true for $n$ up to $18$. However, I have my doubts it'll always work, partially because it doesn't work for $n = 0$. Also, a similar type condition is that $I(6n) - 2I(6n + 1) + I(6n + 2) = 2$, which holds for $1 le n le 5$, but at $n = 6$, the LHS becomes $0$ instead. If I get a chance, I will investigate your equation to see if I can figure out why it's true for at least the first $18$ values and, more importantly, will it always stay true. Regardless, though, it's an excellent observation you've made, even if it doesn't always hold.
$endgroup$
– John Omielan
1 hour ago






1




1




$begingroup$
I checked your result up to $n=533$ (for $n geq 534$, I have problems. Would you be interested by a huge table of $I(k)$ (I was able to generate it up to $k=540$). This is a very interesting problem.
$endgroup$
– Claude Leibovici
49 mins ago






$begingroup$
I checked your result up to $n=533$ (for $n geq 534$, I have problems. Would you be interested by a huge table of $I(k)$ (I was able to generate it up to $k=540$). This is a very interesting problem.
$endgroup$
– Claude Leibovici
49 mins ago














$begingroup$
@ClaudeLeibovici: Thanks for checking, Claude! However, that table would be too huge for MSE. :)
$endgroup$
– Tito Piezas III
47 mins ago




$begingroup$
@ClaudeLeibovici: Thanks for checking, Claude! However, that table would be too huge for MSE. :)
$endgroup$
– Tito Piezas III
47 mins ago










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















10












$begingroup$

The answer is yes. Sketch of solution:
$$
I(k) = int_0^k sum_{ple x} sum_{qle k-x} 1 ,dx = sum_p sum_{qle k-p} int_p^{k-q} dx = sum_p sum_{qle k-p} (k-(p+q)) = sum_{mle k} r(m)(k-m),
$$

where $r(m)$ is the number of ways of writing $m$ as the sum of two primes. Then
$$
I(6n+6)-2I(6n+5)+I(6n+4) = sum_{mle 6n+4} r(m)big( (6n+6-m)-2(6n+5-m)+(6m+4-m) big) + r(6n+5) = \0 + r(6n+5);
$$

and $r(6n+5)=0$ for every $nge1$, since the only way the odd integer $6n+5$ can be the sum of two primes is $6n+5=2+(6n+3)$, but $6n+3=3(2n+1)$ is always composite when $nge1$.



The same argument gives $I(6n+2)-2I(6n+1)+I(6n) = r(6n+1)$, which is $2$ if $6n-1$ is prime and $0$ otherwise; this is why (as observed by John Omielan) it equals $2$ for $1le nle 5$ but $0$ for $n=6$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$









  • 1




    $begingroup$
    MSE never ceases to amaze me how fast some people can figure out the answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    34 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Greg, do you know how to address Ultradark's question regarding when $I(k)$ is prime?
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    25 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    This really surprises me since I thought the equation will be eventually false...
    $endgroup$
    – Seewoo Lee
    19 mins ago











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1 Answer
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active

oldest

votes








1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









10












$begingroup$

The answer is yes. Sketch of solution:
$$
I(k) = int_0^k sum_{ple x} sum_{qle k-x} 1 ,dx = sum_p sum_{qle k-p} int_p^{k-q} dx = sum_p sum_{qle k-p} (k-(p+q)) = sum_{mle k} r(m)(k-m),
$$

where $r(m)$ is the number of ways of writing $m$ as the sum of two primes. Then
$$
I(6n+6)-2I(6n+5)+I(6n+4) = sum_{mle 6n+4} r(m)big( (6n+6-m)-2(6n+5-m)+(6m+4-m) big) + r(6n+5) = \0 + r(6n+5);
$$

and $r(6n+5)=0$ for every $nge1$, since the only way the odd integer $6n+5$ can be the sum of two primes is $6n+5=2+(6n+3)$, but $6n+3=3(2n+1)$ is always composite when $nge1$.



The same argument gives $I(6n+2)-2I(6n+1)+I(6n) = r(6n+1)$, which is $2$ if $6n-1$ is prime and $0$ otherwise; this is why (as observed by John Omielan) it equals $2$ for $1le nle 5$ but $0$ for $n=6$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$









  • 1




    $begingroup$
    MSE never ceases to amaze me how fast some people can figure out the answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    34 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Greg, do you know how to address Ultradark's question regarding when $I(k)$ is prime?
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    25 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    This really surprises me since I thought the equation will be eventually false...
    $endgroup$
    – Seewoo Lee
    19 mins ago
















10












$begingroup$

The answer is yes. Sketch of solution:
$$
I(k) = int_0^k sum_{ple x} sum_{qle k-x} 1 ,dx = sum_p sum_{qle k-p} int_p^{k-q} dx = sum_p sum_{qle k-p} (k-(p+q)) = sum_{mle k} r(m)(k-m),
$$

where $r(m)$ is the number of ways of writing $m$ as the sum of two primes. Then
$$
I(6n+6)-2I(6n+5)+I(6n+4) = sum_{mle 6n+4} r(m)big( (6n+6-m)-2(6n+5-m)+(6m+4-m) big) + r(6n+5) = \0 + r(6n+5);
$$

and $r(6n+5)=0$ for every $nge1$, since the only way the odd integer $6n+5$ can be the sum of two primes is $6n+5=2+(6n+3)$, but $6n+3=3(2n+1)$ is always composite when $nge1$.



The same argument gives $I(6n+2)-2I(6n+1)+I(6n) = r(6n+1)$, which is $2$ if $6n-1$ is prime and $0$ otherwise; this is why (as observed by John Omielan) it equals $2$ for $1le nle 5$ but $0$ for $n=6$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$









  • 1




    $begingroup$
    MSE never ceases to amaze me how fast some people can figure out the answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    34 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Greg, do you know how to address Ultradark's question regarding when $I(k)$ is prime?
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    25 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    This really surprises me since I thought the equation will be eventually false...
    $endgroup$
    – Seewoo Lee
    19 mins ago














10












10








10





$begingroup$

The answer is yes. Sketch of solution:
$$
I(k) = int_0^k sum_{ple x} sum_{qle k-x} 1 ,dx = sum_p sum_{qle k-p} int_p^{k-q} dx = sum_p sum_{qle k-p} (k-(p+q)) = sum_{mle k} r(m)(k-m),
$$

where $r(m)$ is the number of ways of writing $m$ as the sum of two primes. Then
$$
I(6n+6)-2I(6n+5)+I(6n+4) = sum_{mle 6n+4} r(m)big( (6n+6-m)-2(6n+5-m)+(6m+4-m) big) + r(6n+5) = \0 + r(6n+5);
$$

and $r(6n+5)=0$ for every $nge1$, since the only way the odd integer $6n+5$ can be the sum of two primes is $6n+5=2+(6n+3)$, but $6n+3=3(2n+1)$ is always composite when $nge1$.



The same argument gives $I(6n+2)-2I(6n+1)+I(6n) = r(6n+1)$, which is $2$ if $6n-1$ is prime and $0$ otherwise; this is why (as observed by John Omielan) it equals $2$ for $1le nle 5$ but $0$ for $n=6$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$



The answer is yes. Sketch of solution:
$$
I(k) = int_0^k sum_{ple x} sum_{qle k-x} 1 ,dx = sum_p sum_{qle k-p} int_p^{k-q} dx = sum_p sum_{qle k-p} (k-(p+q)) = sum_{mle k} r(m)(k-m),
$$

where $r(m)$ is the number of ways of writing $m$ as the sum of two primes. Then
$$
I(6n+6)-2I(6n+5)+I(6n+4) = sum_{mle 6n+4} r(m)big( (6n+6-m)-2(6n+5-m)+(6m+4-m) big) + r(6n+5) = \0 + r(6n+5);
$$

and $r(6n+5)=0$ for every $nge1$, since the only way the odd integer $6n+5$ can be the sum of two primes is $6n+5=2+(6n+3)$, but $6n+3=3(2n+1)$ is always composite when $nge1$.



The same argument gives $I(6n+2)-2I(6n+1)+I(6n) = r(6n+1)$, which is $2$ if $6n-1$ is prime and $0$ otherwise; this is why (as observed by John Omielan) it equals $2$ for $1le nle 5$ but $0$ for $n=6$.







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edited 36 mins ago









Tito Piezas III

27.4k366174




27.4k366174










answered 48 mins ago









Greg MartinGreg Martin

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35.5k23364








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    MSE never ceases to amaze me how fast some people can figure out the answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    34 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Greg, do you know how to address Ultradark's question regarding when $I(k)$ is prime?
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    25 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    This really surprises me since I thought the equation will be eventually false...
    $endgroup$
    – Seewoo Lee
    19 mins ago














  • 1




    $begingroup$
    MSE never ceases to amaze me how fast some people can figure out the answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    34 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Greg, do you know how to address Ultradark's question regarding when $I(k)$ is prime?
    $endgroup$
    – Tito Piezas III
    25 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    This really surprises me since I thought the equation will be eventually false...
    $endgroup$
    – Seewoo Lee
    19 mins ago








1




1




$begingroup$
MSE never ceases to amaze me how fast some people can figure out the answer.
$endgroup$
– Tito Piezas III
34 mins ago




$begingroup$
MSE never ceases to amaze me how fast some people can figure out the answer.
$endgroup$
– Tito Piezas III
34 mins ago












$begingroup$
Greg, do you know how to address Ultradark's question regarding when $I(k)$ is prime?
$endgroup$
– Tito Piezas III
25 mins ago




$begingroup$
Greg, do you know how to address Ultradark's question regarding when $I(k)$ is prime?
$endgroup$
– Tito Piezas III
25 mins ago












$begingroup$
This really surprises me since I thought the equation will be eventually false...
$endgroup$
– Seewoo Lee
19 mins ago




$begingroup$
This really surprises me since I thought the equation will be eventually false...
$endgroup$
– Seewoo Lee
19 mins ago


















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